liryc of culture club song have to and must

"Must" y "Have to" expresan una obligación. A veces se pueden utilizar indistintamente (especialmente con la primera persona donde prácticamente tienen el mismo sentido), no obstante existen ciertas diferencias.

"Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro

"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro

	Autoridad externa	Autoridad del emisor
Pasado	Had to	Had to
Presente	Have to	Must
Futuro	Will have to	Must

"Must": el emisor impone una obligación.

"Have to": el emisor no impone ninguna obligación, se limita a comunicar una obligación que existe.

(Teacher) You must do your homework (El profesor impone el deber de hacer los deberes)

(Student) I have to do my homework (el estudiante se limita a comunicar una obligación que le ha sido impuesta)

You must stop making noises (El profesor ordena a sus alumnos)

You have to stop smoking (La mujer le recuerda a su marido una obligación que le ha impuesto el medico)

I cannot stay longer, I have to go home (mis obligaciones familiares me obligan a volver a casa) diferencias entre "must" y "have to"

Ya hablé en otro artículo sobre las diferencias entre "must" y have to", pero he decidido insistir por la cantidad de veces que la gente me pregunta sobre esta diferencia.

¡Muy importante!:La distinción entre "must" (obligación interna) y "have to" (obligación externa) es del inglés británico -no del inglés americano-. Esto significa que en inglés americano se utilizan indistintamente "have to" y "must to" para expresar obligaciones externas o internas; por este motivo verás contradicciones en algunos textos.

Entonces, veremos las reglas en inglés británico:

En inglés británico (que es el que distingue entre "have to" y "must") se utiliza:

-MUST:

Must se utiliza para expresar deseos, ganas, intenciones del que habla y su interlocutor.

Decimos, por ejemplo:

- I must do it. Debo hacerlo. Es como decir, "I want to do it", "Quiero hacerlo".

- I must start working right now. Debo empezar a trabajar ahora mismo.(Es mi deseo)
- It's very late. We really must stop playing. Es muy tarde. Debemos dejar de jugar. (Es nuestra intención)

Must también se utiliza para expresar opiniones sobre lo que tienes que hacer. También es posible sustituirlo por "should" en este uso (expresar opiniones). Nota importante: "Have", en cambio, no se utiliza en inglés británico para expresar opiniones sobre lo que alguien debe hacer.

Decimos, en inglés británico:

- "You must (should) stop talking." Debes/deberías parar de hablar. No decimos: "You have to stop talking" para expresar opinión sobre lo que debes hacer.
- "You must (should) buy the red dress." Debes/deberías comprarte el vestido rojo. No decimos: You have to buy this dress.

Nota: Si te fijas, parece más correcto traducir "must" en este supuesto como "deberías" (no como "deber"), porque es equivalente a sugerencia, opinión; no a imposición.

HAVE:

Have se utiliza para expresar obligaciones externas. Veamos los mismos ejemplos.

- I have to do it. Teacher's orders. Tengo que hacerlo, son las órdenes del profesor.
- I have to start working right now. My boss tells me to do so. Me lo dice mi jefe. Obligación externa.

- It's very late. We have to stop playing because we'll be late for dinner. Tenemos que dejar de jugar porque llegaremos tarde para cenar. (Teníamos una cita, obligación externa)

exarcises

We have a lot of food for the party; you don't ______ bring anything
If you want to lose weight you _____ stop eating so much
You _______ leave my house immediately; if not I will call the police
If I want to go to the USA I _______ get a Visa
You_____ stop drinking so much; you are destroying yourself
Last summer, when I went to Greece I _____ rent a car to visit all the ruins
If you are assaulted in the street, you______ show any resistance
In Spain you _____ always wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike
If you don't want to miss your train, you ______ leave now


espero te sirvan ok see you

culture club lyrics

comparativos y superlativos

 

Adjetivos breves

* Si el adjetivo acaba en vocal, se añade –r para el comparativo y –st para el superlativo.
large - larger - the largest
* Si el adjetivo acaba en consonante. Se añade –er para el comparativo y –est para el superlativo.
small - smaller - the smallest
* Si el adjetivo acaba en vocal + consonante, se duplica la consonante y se añada –er para el comparativo y –est para el superlativo.
hot - hotter - the hottest

 

Adjetivos largos ( dos o más sílabas)

* Cuando el adjetivo tiene dos o más sílabes, va precedido de `more´ en el comparativo y `the most´ en el superlativo.
beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
* Si el adjetivo tiene dos sílabas y acaba en –y, la –y se transforma en –i antes de añadir –er para el comparative y –est para el superlativo.
easy - easier - the easiest

Adjetivos irregulares

Todos son diferentes y hay que aprendérselos de memoría:
good - better - best
little - less - least
bad - worse - worst
few - less - least
many - more - most
much - more - most

Uso:

Los adjetivos en grado comparativo se utilizan para comparar dos personas o cosas entre sí.
Mary is tall, but Helen is taller.
Helen is intelligent, but Beth is more intelligent.

Recuerda:

* En las comparaciones suele aparecer la partícula `than´.
Helen is taller than Mary.
Beth is more intelligent than Helen.
* Los adjetivos en grado superlativo se utilizan para comparer tres o más personas o cosas entre sí.
I think science is the most difficult subject.
Which is the cheapest camera?
* La preposición `in´ sigue con frecuencia al superlativo.
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
No se dice: The Nile is the longest river of the world.
Susan bought the most expensive camera in the shop.
No se dice Susan bought the most expensive camera of the shop.

Adjetivos

Comparativos Superlativos

Adjetivos de 1 sílaba	Comparativo --->adj + er	Superlativo ---> adj + est
small - pequeño	smaller - más pequeño	(the) smallest
tall - alto	taller - más alto	(the) tallest
young - joven	younger - más joven	(the) youngest
long - largo	longer - más largo	(the) longest
big - grande	bigger - más grande	(the) biggest
fat - gordo	fatter - más gordo	(the) fattest
2 sílabas terminados en (ly)	Comparativo ---> adj + ier	Superlativo ---> adj + iest
lazy - perezoso, vago	lazier - más vago	the laziest
funny - gracioso, divertido	funnier - más divertido	the funniest
happy - feliz, alegre	happier - más feliz	the happiest
crazy - loco	crazier - más loco	the craziest
noisy - ruidoso	noisier - más ruidoso	the noisiest
Resto de adjetivos	Comparativo ---> more + adj	Superlativo -->the most + adj
expensive - caro	more expensvie	the most expensive
modern - moderno	more modern	the most modern
beautiful - hermoso	more beautiful	the most beautiful
elegant - elegante	more elegant	the most elegant
interesting - interesante	more interesting	the most interesting
dangerous - peligroso	more dangerous	the most dangerous

Comparativos y Superlativos Irregulares
Adjetivo o Adverbio	Comparativo	Superlativo
good/ well - bueno, bien	better - mejor	(the) best - el mejor
bad/ badly - mal	worse - peor	(the) worst - el peor
much/many -mucho/ muchos	more - más	(the) most - el/ los más
little - poco	less - menos	(the) least - el menos
far - lejos	farther / further - más lejos	(the) farthest / furthest

Ejercicios

A. Escribe la forma comparativa de estos adjetivos

tall taller

1. fast ____________
2. heavy ____________
3. dangerous ____________
4. small ____________
5. large ____________
6. light ____________
7. rare ____________
8. common ____________
9. bad ____________
10. good ____________

Las respuestas correctas

1. fast faster

2. heavy heavier
3. dangerous more dangerous
4. small smaller
5. large larger
6. light lighter
7. rare rarer
8. common more common
9. bad worse
10. good better

B. Corrige estas frases

1. Cats are popularer than snakes as pets. X

__________________________________
2. Pigs are more intelligent as other animals. X
__________________________________
3. Turtles are slow than cocodriles. X
__________________________________
4. Elephants are heavyer than pigs. X
__________________________________
5. Bears are more rare than snakes. X
__________________________________

Las respuestas correctas

Answers

1. Cats are more popular than snakes as pets.
2. Pigs are more intelligent than other animals.
3. Turtles are slower than cocodriles.
4. Elephants are heavier than pigs.
5. Bears are rarer than snakes.

Adjetivos comparativos

1. I am ___________ (tall) my sister.

2. My mum thinks that cats are ___________ (good) pets than dogs.
3. Cycling is one of ___________ (dangerous) sports.
4. I want to have ___________ (big) car.
5. A blue whale is ___________ (heavy) twenty-five elephants.
6. You look ___________ (thin) last month. Have you lost weight?
7. Bicycles are ___________ (slow) cars.
8. She is ___________ (nice) person I know.
9. What is ___________ (good) film you´ve seen?
10. Computers are ___________ (cheap) mobile phones.
11. Is your brother ___________ (tall) you?
12. I think Spanish is ___________ (easy) Japanese.
13. Our dog is ___________ (nice) your dog.
14. Glass bottles are ___________ (good) plastic bottles.
15. I think Rafael Nadal is ___________(good) tennis player in Spain.
16. Sharks are ___________ (dangerous) other fish.
17. This situation is ___________ (serious) the last one.
18. He is ___________ (smart) his brother.
19. My brother wanted ___________ (expensive) trainers in the shop.
20. Today is ___________ (good) day of the year.
21. Daniela is ___________ (funny) me.
22. My house is ___________ (larger).
23. Mount Everest is ___________ (high) mountain in the world.
24. The sea is ___________ (large) a lake.
25. My job is ___________ (easy) yours.
26. London is ___________ (big) city in England.
27. This car is ___________ (comfortable) yours.
28. He is ___________ (rich) man in town.
29. I am ___________ (strong) you.
30. A baby blue whale gets ___________ (big) a great white shark.

Las respuestas correctas

1. I am taller than my sister.

2. My mum thinks that cats are better pets than dogs.
3. Cycling is one of the most dangerous sports.
4. I want to have the biggest car.
5. A blue whale is heavier than twenty-five elephants.
6. You look thinner than last month. Have you lost weight?
7. Bicycles are slower than cars.
8. She is the nicest person I know.
9. What is the best film you´ve seen?
10. Computers are cheaper than mobile phones.
11. Is your brother taller than you?
12. I think Spanish is easier than Japanese.
13. Our dog is nicer than your dog.
14. Glass bottles are better than plastic bottles.
15. I think Rafael Nadal is the best tennis player in Spain.
16. Sharks are more dangerous than other fish.
17. This situation is more serious than the last one.
18. He is smarter than his brother.
19. My brother wanted the most expensive trainers in the shop.
20. Today is the best day of the year.
21. Daniela is funnier than me.
22. My house is the largest.
23. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
24. The sea is larger than a lake.
25. My job is easier than yours.
26. London is the biggest city in England.
27. This car is more comfortable than yours.
28. He is the richest man in town.
29. I am stronger than you.
30. A baby blue whale gets bigger than a great white shark.

Adjetivos comparativos

Comparative adjectives

1. A Mercedes is ________ (expensive) a Fiat.
2. Maradona is ________ (good) football player ever.
3. A swordfish is ________ (fast) a jellyfish.
4. Julio is ________ (friendly) Carlos.
5. Irene is ________ (clever) Silvia.
6. Comedies are ________ (funny) police dramas.
7. Pablo is ________ (big) Juanma.
8. Max is ________ (old) John.
9. Adriano is ________ (fast) Ronaldo.
10. My hair is ________ (long) yours.
11. A dolphin is ________ (intelligent) a shark.
12. Elaine is ________ (wise) her sister.
13. Tony is ________ (happy) Max.
14. Sandra is ________ (busy) Sam.
15. Skiing is ________ (dangerous) football.
16. This is ________ (narrow) of all roads in Málaga.
17. Health is ________ (important) money.
18. Those cakes are ________ (bad) I´ve ever tasted.
19. My dog is ________ (good) dog in the world.
20. Patricia´s house is ________ (small) Linda´s.
21. A car is ________ (fast) a bike.
22. My laptop is ________ (fast) yours.
23. The ant is ________ (small) insect.
24. This lamp is ________ (bright) one in the room.
25. My house is ________ (clean) her house.
26. Jack is ________ (tall) boy in his class.
27. Steven Spielberg is ________ (good) film director in the world.
28. This dress is ________ (old) that one.
29. A sea lion is ________ (heavy) a lobster.
30. A sports car is ________ (fast) a motorbike.

Las respuestas correctas

1. A Mercedes is more expensive than a Fiat.

2. Maradona is the best football player ever.
3. A swordfish is faster than a jellyfish.
4. Julio is friendlier than Carlos.
5. Irene is cleverer then Silvia.
6. Comedies are funnier than police dramas.
7. Pablo is bigger than Juanma.
8. Max is older than John.
9. Adriano is faster than Ronaldo.
10. My hair is longer than yours.
11. A dolphin is more intelligent than a shark.
12. Elaine is wiser than her sister.
13. Tony is happier than Max.
14. Sandra is busier than Sam.
15. Skiing is more dangerous than football.
16. This is the narrowest of all roads in Málaga.
17. Health is more important than money.
18. Those cakes are the worst I´ve ever tasted.
19. My dog is the best dog in the world.
20. Patricia´s house is smaller than Linda´s.
21. A car is faster than a bike.
22. My laptop is faster than yours.
23. The ant is the smallest insect.
24. This lamp is the brightest one in the room.
25. My house is cleaner than her house.
26. Jack is the tallest boy in his class.
27. Steven Spielberg is the best film director in the world.
28. This dress is older than that one.
29. A sea lion is heavier than a lobster.
30. A sports car is faster than a motorbike.